Risk assessment and risk regionalisation, based on the surveillance system for foot and mouth disease in South America

Within the framework of the International Animal Health Code of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), important contributions have been made by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/United States Department of Agriculture (APHIS/USDA), the Ministry of Agriculture of Canada, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries of New Zealand and other organisations, by the development of risk assessment methods and regionalization criteria for risk assessment. The authors attempt to contribute to these efforts by proposing a regional risk evaluation of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in South America. Two examples of risk assessments for international trade, i.e., in bovine embryos and in meat, are used to demonstrate the importance of an effective disease surveillance system as the basis for risk regionalization for international trade in animals and animal products. As a result of progress in the control and eradication of FMD in South America, it is expected that major livestock production regions will soon be in low- to very low-risk categories.