Oncometabolite L‐2‐hydroxyglurate directly induces vasculogenic mimicry through PHLDB2 in renal cell carcinoma

Metabolism reprograming is a hallmark of cancer and plays an important role in tumor progression. The aberrant metabolism in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) leads to accumulation of the oncometabolite L-2-hydroxyglurate (L-2HG). L-2HG has been reported to inhibit the activity of some α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases such as TET enzymes, which mediate epigenetic alteration, including DNA and histone demethylation. However, the detailed functions of L-2HG in renal cell carcinoma have not been investigated thoroughly. In our study, we found that L-2HG was significantly elevated in tumor tissues compared to adjacent tissues. Furthermore, we demonstrated that L-2HG promoted vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in renal cancer cell lines through reducing the expression of PHLDB2. A mechanism study revealed that activation of the ERK1/2 pathway was involved in L-2HG-induced VM formation. In conclusion, these findings highlighted the pathogenic link between L-2HG and VM and suggested a novel therapeutic target for RCC.