Phenomena of catalytic graphitization

In recent years the phenomena of catalytic graphitization have developed considerably. Four types of catalytic graphitization are known to produce G-, Ts-, A- and Tn- components. The review summarizes the use of elements, alloys and compounds as catalysts. The importance of catalyst particle size is stressed as well as the method of addition of the catalyst to the carbon. Extents of graphitization induced by catalysts are markedly dependent upon the existing degree of graphitization already present in the parent carbon. The effects of graphitization at different temperatures are summarized as well as the effects caused by the ambient atmosphere, for example by oxygen and nitrogen. Mechanisms of catalytic graphitization resulting in G-, Ts-, A- and Tn- components are outlined and changes in synthetic graphites caused by catalytic graphitization are presented.