EU-wide monitoring survey on emerging polar organic contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluents

化学 环境化学 固相萃取 流出物 药品和个人护理产品的环境影响 色谱法 生物测定 磷酸三苯酯 废水 污水处理 萃取(化学) 有机化学 阻燃剂 废物管理 生物 工程类 遗传学
作者
Robert Loos,R Carvalho,Diana C. António,Sara Comero,Locoro Giovanni,Simona Tavazzi,Bruno Paracchini,Michela Ghiani,Teresa Lettieri,Luděk Bláha,F. Shiraishi,Stefan Voorspoels,Kelly Servaes,Peter Haglund,Jerker Fick,Richard H. Lindberg,David Schwesig,Gawlik Bernd
出处
期刊:Water Research [Elsevier]
卷期号:47 (17): 6475-6487 被引量:1004
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.024
摘要

In the year 2010, effluents from 90 European wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were analyzed for 156 polar organic chemical contaminants. The analyses were complemented by effect-based monitoring approaches aiming at estrogenicity and dioxin-like toxicity analyzed by in vitro reporter gene bioassays, and yeast and diatom culture acute toxicity optical bioassays. Analyses of organic substances were performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) or liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) or gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Target microcontaminants were pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), veterinary (antibiotic) drugs, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organophosphate ester flame retardants, pesticides (and some metabolites), industrial chemicals such as benzotriazoles (corrosion inhibitors), iodinated x-ray contrast agents, and gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging agents; in addition biological endpoints were measured. The obtained results show the presence of 125 substances (80% of the target compounds) in European wastewater effluents, in concentrations ranging from low nanograms to milligrams per liter. These results allow for an estimation to be made of a European median level for the chemicals investigated in WWTP effluents. The most relevant compounds in the effluent waters with the highest median concentration levels were the artificial sweeteners acesulfame and sucralose, benzotriazoles (corrosion inhibitors), several organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers (e.g. tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate; TCPP), pharmaceutical compounds such as carbamazepine, tramadol, telmisartan, venlafaxine, irbesartan, fluconazole, oxazepam, fexofenadine, diclofenac, citalopram, codeine, bisoprolol, eprosartan, the antibiotics trimethoprim, ciprofloxacine, sulfamethoxazole, and clindamycine, the insect repellent N,N′-diethyltoluamide (DEET), the pesticides MCPA and mecoprop, perfluoroalkyl substances (such as PFOS and PFOA), caffeine, and gadolinium.
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