Carbon footprinting and environmental impact of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures at a tertiary care institution: a prospective multi-dimensional assessment

Background Given the imperative to combat climate change, reducing the healthcare sector’s implications on the environment is crucial. Objective This study aims to offer a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impact of gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) procedures, specifically focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and waste generation. Design A prospective study was conducted at the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG Hospitals), Hyderabad, India, from 29 May to 10 June 2023, including all consecutive GIE procedures. Carbon emissions for various variables involved were calculated with specific emission factors using ‘The GHG Protocol’. Results Based on data from 3244 consecutive patients undergoing 3873 procedures, the study revealed a total carbon footprint of 148 947.32 kg CO 2 e or 38.45 kg CO 2 e per procedure. Excluding patient travel, the emissions were 6.50 kg CO 2 e per procedure. The total waste generated was 1952.50 kg, averaging 0.504 kg per procedure, far less than 2–3 kg per procedure in the West. The waste disposal breakdown was 9.5% direct landfilling, 64.8% incineration, then landfilling and 25.7% recycling, which saved 380 kg CO 2 e. India effectively recycles 25.7% of hospital-related waste, which undergoes landfilling in the West. The primary contributors to GHG emissions were patient travel (83.09%), electricity consumption (10.42%), medical gas transport and usage (3.63%) and water consumption (1.86%). Diagnostic procedures generate less waste and lower carbon footprint than therapeutic procedures. Conclusion This study highlights the significant environmental footprint of GIE procedures, emphasising the importance of optimising practices to reduce patient travel and repeat procedures, alongside improving electricity and water management for sustainable healthcare.