Development and characterization of nanoemulsions containing Lippia origanoides Kunth essential oil and their antifungal potential against Candida albicans

Abstract Aims Nanoemulsions based on plant essential oils have shown promise as alternatives against fungal pathogens by increasing the solubility and bioavailability of the active compounds of essential oils, which can improve their efficacy and safety. In the present study, we aimed to prepare and characterize nanoemulsions of Lippia origanoides essential oil, and analyze their antifungal activity against C. albicans in planktonic and biofilm form. Additionally, we sought to verify their cytotoxicity. Methods and results Alginate nanoemulsions were prepared with different concentrations of essential oil, sunflower oil, and surfactant to investigate ideal formulations regarding stability and antifungal efficiency. The results showed the nanoemulsions remained stable for longer than 60 days, with acidic pH, particle sizes ranging from 180.17 ± 6.86 nm to 497.85 ± 253.50 nm, zeta potential from −60.47 ± 2.25 to −43.63 ± 12, and polydispersity index from 0.004 to 0.622. The photomicrographs revealed that the addition of sunflower oil influenced the formation of the particles, forming nanoemulsions. The antifungal results of the essential oil and nanoemulsions showed that the MIC ranged from 0.078 to 0.312 mg ml−1. The nanoemulsions were more effective than the free essential oil in eradicating the biofilm, eliminating up to 89.7% of its mass. With regard to cytotoxicity, differences were found between the tests with VERO cells and red blood cells, and the nanoemulsions were less toxic to red blood cells than the free essential oil. Conclusions These results show that nanoemulsions have antifungal potential against strains of C. albicans in planktonic and biofilm forms.