A surface-engineered multifunctional TiO2 based nano-layer simultaneously elevates the corrosion resistance, osteoconductivity and antimicrobial property of a magnesium alloy

Magnesium biometals exhibit great potentials for orthopeadic applications owing to their biodegradability, bioactive effects and satisfactory mechanical properties. However, rapid corrosion of Mg implants in vivo combined with large amount of hydrogen gas evolution is harmful to bone healing process which seriously confines their clinical applications. Enlightened by the superior biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of passive titanium oxide layer automatically formed on titanium alloy, we employ the Ti and O dual plasma ion immersion implantation (PIII) technique to construct a multifunctional TiO2 based nano-layer on ZK60 magnesium substrates for enhanced corrosion resistance, osteoconductivity and antimicrobial activity. The constructed nano-layer (TiO2/MgO) can effectively suppress degradation rate of ZK60 substrates in vitro and still maintain 94% implant volume after post-surgery eight weeks. In animal study, a large amount of bony tissue with increased bone mineral density and trabecular thickness is formed around the PIII treated group in post-operation eight weeks. Moreover, the newly formed bone in the PIII treated group is well mineralized and its mechanical property almost restores to the level of that of surrounding mature bone. Surprisingly, a remarkable killing ratio of 99.31% against S. aureus can be found on the PIII treated sample under ultra-violet (UV) irradiation which mainly attributes to the oxidative stress induced by the reactive oxygen species (ROS). We believe that this multifunctional TiO2 based nano-layer not only controls the degradation of magnesium implant, but also regulates its implant-to-bone integration effectively. Rapid corrosion of magnesium implants is the major issue for orthopaedic applications. Inspired by the biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of passive titanium oxide layer automatically formed on titanium alloy, we construct a multifunctional TiO2/MgO nanolayer on magnesium substrates to simultaneously achieve superior corrosion resistance, satisfactory osteoconductivity in rat intramedullary bone defect model and excellent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus under UV irradiation. The current findings suggest that the specific TiO2/MgO nano-layer on magnesium surface can achieve the three objectives aforementioned and we believe this study can demonstrate the potential of biodegradable metals for future clinical applications.