Methods for overcoming interspecific crossing barriers

Crossing barriers occur frequently when intra- or interspecific crosses are attempted. These barriers are the result of incompatibility and incongruity. Sexual barriers preventing interspecific hybridization have been distinguished into pre- and postfertilization barriers. The nature of the barrier governs the method to be used to overcome the specific barrier. A range of techniques, such as bud pollination, stump pollination, use of mentor pollen, and grafting of the style, have been applied successfully to overcome prefertilization barriers. In vitro methods in the form of ovary, ovary-slice, ovule, and embryo culture are being used to overcome postfertilization barriers that cause endosperm failure and embryo abortion. An integrated method of in vitro pollination and fertilization followed by embryo rescue has been applied in many crosses. Vital hybrid plants may display lack of flowering or male and female sterility, resulting in failure of sexual reproduction. If sterility is caused by a lack of chromosome pairing during meiosis, fertility may be restored by polyploidization, enabling pairing of homologous chromosomes in the allopolyploid hybrid. Integration of these techniques into the breeding programs would enable the breeder to introgress genes across the species barriers.