Characteristics of freak wave and its interaction with marine structures: A review

The freak wave, alternatively referred to as the monster wave or rogue wave, represents one of the most dangerous waves in the domain of ocean engineering. This kind of wave is uniquely characterized by its unpredictable occurrence and much higher wave height than that of surrounding sea states. Given the significant threats posed by freak waves, coupled with the growing prevalence of oceanic constructions, it becomes imperative to advance the knowledge on the intrinsic nature of such waves, as well as the structural loading mechanisms they introduce. In the current report, various aspects of freak waves, including their physical causes, statistical analyses, interaction with structures, and early prediction methodologies are systematically reviewed. A particular focus is given to the perspectives within the realm of ocean engineering. It is hoped that through this review, relevant engineers and scholars can benefit from a comprehensive understanding of freak waves and their impact on marine structures in their pursuit to enhance the resilience and safety of these structures against freak wave conditions.