Autophagy attenuates placental apoptosis, oxidative stress and fetal growth restriction in pregnant ewes

Bisphenol A (BPA)-induced oxidative stress (OS) and its potentially associated autophagy and apoptosis have not been studied previously in pregnant ewes. Accordingly, this study investigated the underlying mechanisms of BPA-induced autophagy and apoptosis in the placenta and primary trophoblasts of pregnant ewes exposed to BPA both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo experiment, pregnant Hu ewes (n = 8) were exposed to 5 mg/kg/d of BPA compared to control ewes (n = 8) receiving only corn oil from day 40 through day 110 of gestation. Exposure to BPA during gestation resulted in placental insufficiency, fetal growth restriction (FGR), autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), mitochondrial dysfunction, OS, and apoptosis in type A placentomes. Regarding in vitro model, primary ovine trophoblasts were exposed to BPA, BPA plus chloroquine (CQ; an autophagy inhibitor) or BPA plus rapamycin (RAP; an autophagy activator) for 12 h. Data illustrated that exposure to BPA enhanced autophagy (ULK1, Beclin-1, LC3, Parkin, and PINK1), ERS (GRP78, CHOP10, ATF4, and ATF6) and apoptosis (Caspase 3, Bcl-2, Bax, P53) but decreased the antioxidant (CAT, Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1)-related mRNA and protein expressions as well as impaired the mitochondrial function. Moreover, treatment with CQ exacerbated the BPA-mediated OS, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and ERS. On the contrary, RAP treatment counteracted the BPA-induced trophoblast dysfunctions mentioned above. Overall, the findings illustrated that BPA exposure could contribute to autophagy in the ovine placenta and trophoblasts and that autophagy, in turn, could alleviate BPA-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, ERS, and OS. These results offer new mechanistic insights into the role of autophagy in mitigating BPA-induced placental dysfunctions and FGR.