Host-induced gene silencing of PcCesA3 and PcOSBP1 confers resistance to Phytophthora capsici in Nicotiana benthamiana through NbDCL3 and NbDCL4 processed small interfering RNAs

Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is a RNA-based system depend on the biological macromolecules generated in plants to control diseases. However, the effector proteins active in the HIGS are uncertain, which impedes its further application, especially for oomycete that lack efficient HIGS targets. Phytophthora capsici is an important oomycete causes blight in over 70 crops. Here, we comprehensively screened efficient HIGS vectors targeting PcCesA3 or PcOSBP1 in P. capsici to better control it and explore the characteristics of efficient HIGS vectors. Among the 26 vectors with different lengths and structures, we found that hairpin vectors with a 70 nt loop and ~ 500 bp stem showed the highest control efficacy, with the expressing of the screened vectors, the infection and fertility of P. capsici were greatly inhibited in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. Based on these efficient vectors, we demonstrated that the amount of HIGS vector generated small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) was positively related to gene silencing efficiency and resistance, and that NbDCL3 and NbDCL4 were the key effectors producing siRNAs. This work discovers the principles for efficient HIGS vectors design, and elucidates the molecular mechanism of HIGS, which could benefit the control of many other plant diseases based on HIGS.