Recent achievements in noble metal-based oxide electrocatalysts for water splitting

The search for sustainable energy sources has accelerated the exploration of water decomposition as a clean H₂ production method. Among the methods proposed, H₂ production via water electrolysis has garnered considerable attention. However, the process of H₂ production from water electrolysis is severely limited by the slow kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction and large intrinsic overpotentials at the anode; therefore, suitable catalysts need to be found to accelerate the reaction rate. Noble metal-based oxide electrocatalysts retain the advantages of abundant active sites, high electrical conductivity of noble metals, and low cost, which make them promising electrocatalysts; however, they suffer from the challenge of an imbalance between catalytic activity and stability. This review presents recent research progress in noble metals and their oxides as electrocatalysts. In this review, two half-reactions (the hydrogen evolution reaction and the oxygen evolution reaction) of water electrolysis are described. Recently reported methods for the synthesis of noble metal-based oxide electrocatalysts, improvement strategies, and sources of enhanced activity and stability for these types of catalysts are presented. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in the field are summarised. This review is expected to help improve the understanding of noble metal-based oxide electrocatalysts.