Achievements and Difficulties with Batch and Optimization Investigations of Heavy Metal Adsorptive Removal Utilizing Enhanced Biomass-based Adsorption Materials

: Surface enhancement improves the porousness and surface area (SSA) of biomass materials, which boosts their adsorption capability. This work investigates recent advances in surface modification technologies of biomass-based materials for heavy metal adsorption, including Pb, As, Cr, Fe, Cd, Mn, Cu, Co, Hg, Ni, Zn, and their ions in waters/wastewaters. The chemical structure and surface properties of biomass were examined in connection with various surface modification approaches and their effects on the adsorption process. In addition, adsorption performance we assessed using various operating conditions, isotherms, kinetics, and computational and artificial intelligence methodologies. This study found that acid-activated Posidonia oceanica had the highest adsorption effectiveness of 631.13 mg/g to eliminate Pb2+, whereas H3PO4/furnace-modified oil palm biomass had the lowest (0.1576 mg/g) for removing Cd2+. Important insights into knowledge gaps for changing these materials for extremely effective adsorption performance were emphasized to improve the area.