Phosphoproteomic analysis of APP/PS1 mice of Alzheimer's disease by DIA based mass spectrometry analysis with PRM verification

Traditional Chinese medicine has been utilized in China for approximately thousands of years in clinical settings to prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD) and enhance memory, despite the lack of a systematic exploration of its biological underpinnings. Exciting research has corroborated the beneficial effects of tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside (TSG), an extract derived from Polygonum multiflorum, in delaying learning and memory impairment in a model that mimics AD. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the major function of TSG upon protein regulation in AD. Herein, a novel approach, encompassing data independent acquisition (DIA), DIA phosphorylated proteomics, and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), was utilized to integrate quantitative proteomic data collected from APP/PS1 mouse model exhibiting toxic intracellular aggregation of Aβ. Initially, we deliberated upon both single and multi-dimensional data pertaining to AD model mice. Furthermore, we authenticated disparities in protein phosphorylation quantity and expression, phosphorylation function, and ultimately phosphorylation kinase analysis. In order to validate the results, we utilized PRM ion monitoring technology to identify potential protein or peptide biomarkers. In the mixed samples, targeted detection of 50 target proteins revealed that 26 to 33 target proteins were stably detected by PRM. In summary, our findings provide new candidates for AD biomarker, which have been identified and validated through protein researches conducted on mouse brains. This offers a wealth of potential resources for extensive biomarker validation in neurodegenerative diseases. DIA phosphorylated proteomics technique was used to detect and analyze phosphorylated proteins in brain tissues of mice with AD. Data were analyzed by various bioinformatics tools to explore the phosphorylation events and characterize them related to TSG. The results of DIA were further verified by PRM. Besides, we mapped the major metabolite classes emerging from the analyses to key biological pathways implicated in AD to understand the potential roles of the molecules and the interactions in triggering symptom onset and progression of AD. Meanwhile, we clarified that in the context of AD onset and TSG intervention, the changes in proteins, protein phosphorylation, phosphorylation kinases, and the internal connections.