Lithium Therapy’s Potential to Lower Dementia Risk and the Prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Dementia is a neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset and progressive progression, of which the most common type is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lithium, a trace element in the body, has neuroprotective properties. However, whether lithium can treat dementia or AD remains a highly controversial topic. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Comparison of the effects of lithium on AD or dementia in terms of use, duration, and dosage, and meta-analysis to test whether lithium therapy is beneficial in ameliorating the onset of dementia or AD. Sensitivity analyses were performed using a stepwise exclusion method. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of included studies. We determined the relative risk (RR) between patient groups using a random-effects model. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of seven studies were included. The forest plot results showed that taking lithium therapy reduced the risk of AD (RR 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44–0.78) and is also protective in reducing the risk of dementia (RR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.56–0.77). The duration of lithium therapy was able to affect dementia incidence (RR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.55–0.88); however, it is unclear how this effect might manifest in AD. It is also uncertain how many prescriptions for lithium treatment lower the chance of dementia development. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The duration of treatment and the usage of lithium therapy seem to lower the risk of AD and postpone the onset of dementia.