Cementum protein 1 gene‐modified adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cell sheets enhance periodontal regeneration in osteoporosis rat

Abstract Background and Objectives Osteoporosis (OP) and periodontitis are both diseases with excessive bone resorption, and the number of patients who suffer from these diseases is expected to increase. OP has been identified as a risk factor that accelerates the pathological process of periodontitis. Achieving effective and safe periodontal regeneration in OP patients is a meaningful challenge. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and biosecurity of human cementum protein 1 (hCEMP1) gene‐modified cell sheets for periodontal fenestration defect regeneration in an OP rat model. Materials and Methods Rat adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (rADSCs) were isolated from Sprague–Dawley rats. After primary culture, rADSCs were subjected to cell surface analysis and multi‐differentiation assay. And rADSCs were transduced with hCEMP1 by lentiviral vector, and hCEMP1 gene‐modified cell sheets were generated. The expression of hCEMP1 was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry staining, and transduced cell proliferation was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit‐8. The hCEMP1 gene‐modified cell sheet structure was detected by histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Osteogenic and cementogenic‐associated gene expression was evaluated by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, an OP rat periodontal fenestration defect model was used to evaluate the regeneration effect of hCEMP1 gene‐modified rADSC sheets. The efficacy was assessed with microcomputed tomography and histology, and the biosecurity of gene‐modified cell sheets was evaluated by histological analysis of the spleen, liver, kidney and lung. Results The rADSCs showed a phenotype of mesenchymal stem cells and possessed multi‐differentiation capacity. The gene and protein expression of hCEMP1 through lentiviral transduction was confirmed, and there was no significant effect on rADSC proliferation. Overexpression of hCEMP1 upregulated osteogenic and cementogenic‐related genes such as runt‐related transcription factor 2 , bone morphogenetic protein 2 , secreted phosphoprotein 1 and cementum attachment protein in the gene‐modified cell sheets. The fenestration lesions in OP rats treated with hCEMP1 gene‐modified cell sheets exhibited complete bone bridging, cementum and periodontal ligament formation. Furthermore, histological sections of the spleen, liver, kidney and lung showed no evident pathological damage. Conclusion This pilot study demonstrates that hCEMP1 gene‐modified rADSC sheets have a marked ability to enhance periodontal regeneration in OP rats. Thus, this approach may represent an effective and safe strategy for periodontal disease patients with OP.