Revisiting the stretch-induced force deficit: A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis of acute effects

When recommending avoidance of static stretching prior to athletic performance, authors and practitioners commonly refer to available systematic reviews. However, effect sizes (ES) in previous reviews were extracted in major part from studies lacking control conditions and/or pre–post testing designs. Also, currently available reviews conducted calculations without accounting for multiple study outcomes, with ES: –0.03 to 0.10, which would commonly be classified as trivial. Since new meta-analytical software and controlled research articles have appeared since 2013, we revisited the available literature and performed a multilevel meta-analysis using robust variance estimation of controlled pre–post trials to provide updated evidence. Furthermore, previous research described reduced electromyography activity—also attributable to fatiguing training routines—as being responsible for decreased subsequent performance. The second part of this study opposed stretching and alternative interventions sufficient to induce general fatigue to examine whether static stretching induces higher performance losses compared to other exercise routines. Including 83 studies with more than 400 ES from 2012 participants, our results indicate a significant, small ES for a static stretch-induced maximal strength loss (ES = –0.21, p = 0.003), with high magnitude ES (ES = –0.84, p = 0.004) for stretching durations ≥60 s per bout when compared to passive controls. When opposed to active controls, the maximal strength loss ranges between ES: –0.17 to –0.28, p < 0.001 and 0.040 with mostly no to small heterogeneity. However, stretching did not negatively influence athletic performance in general (when compared to both passive and active controls); in fact, a positive effect on subsequent jumping performance (ES = 0.15, p = 0.006) was found in adults. Regarding strength testing of isolated muscles (e.g., leg extensions or calf raises), our results confirm previous findings. Nevertheless, since no (or even positive) effects could be found for athletic performance, our results do not support previous recommendations to exclude static stretching from warm-up routines prior to, for example, jumping or sprinting.