New Cytogenetic Data for the Neottieae Tribe (Orchidaceae) in the Mediterranean Region

This work presents a summary of cytogenetic data, including new information, on several species within the tribe Neottieae, with an update of the karyotype for 23 species belonging to the genera Cephalanthera, Limodorum, Epipactis, and Neottia (including Listera). Each of these four genera also presents distinctive chromosomal features, such as bimodal karyotypes. Our research includes insights into the distribution of constitutive heterochromatin, measured using C-banding and, in some cases, specific fluorochromes for the detection of A-T- and G-C-rich DNA. In the Epipactis group, it is noteworthy that when using the Giemsa banding technique, certain species (e.g., E. placentina, E. meridionalis) with a chromosome number of 2n = 38 were observed to exhibit a conspicuous wide band of constitutive heterochromatin on the long arm of the third pair in a subcentromeric position, resembling what has been observed in E. helleborine. These differences also have the potential to contribute to the diversification of these species. Based on the karyological results obtained, a hypothesis regarding the origin of certain species within the E. helleborine group is proposed. Additionally, karyological analyses conducted on a specimen of E. microphylla revealed chromosome counts ranging from 36 to 40. Somatic metaphases exhibited evident structural alterations in certain chromosomes, showing rearrangements probably caused by translocation phenomena. Based on the data obtained from the species within the studied genera, it is conceivable that variations in chromosomes, both structurally and in the distribution of constitutive heterochromatin, exert a significant influence on the evolution of the karyotype. Moreover, in many entities belonging to the Neottieae tribe, these processes may also contribute to the diversification of the phenotype in some instances.