Chromosomally located blaCMH in Enterobacter cloacae complex across human-bird-environment interfaces: A one-health perspective

To improve the understanding of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in migratory birds derived-Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae) complex and its spread at the human-bird-environment interface, we isolated 11 strains of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. cloacae from 1003 specimens from 29 migratory bird species over two years in Chongming, Shanghai, China. The comprehensive analysis incorporated second- and third-generation sequencing techniques and extensive bioinformatic analysis. Four human-associated E. cloacae sequence types (STs), including ST432, ST412, ST1, and ST639, were found in migratory birds. We confirmed that the bla