Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis

Background Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of death in dialysis patients, and strongly associated with fluid overload and hypertension. It is plausible that low dialysate [Na+] may decrease total body sodium content, thereby reducing fluid overload and hypertension, and ultimately reducing CV morbidity and mortality. Objectives This review evaluated harms and benefits of using a low (< 138 mM) dialysate [Na+] for maintenance haemodialysis (HD) patients. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 7 August 2018 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), both parallel and cross‐over, of low (< 138 mM) versus neutral (138 to 140 mM) or high (> 140 mM) dialysate [Na+] for maintenance HD patients were included. Data collection and analysis Two investigators independently screened studies for inclusion and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using random effects models, and results expressed as risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes, and mean differences (MD) or standardised MD (SMD) for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Confidence in the evidence was assessed using GRADE. Main results We included 12 studies randomising 310 patients, with data available for 266 patients after dropout. All but one study evaluated a fixed concentration of low dialysate [Na+], and one profiled dialysate [Na+]. Three studies were parallel group, and the remaining nine cross‐over. Of the latter, only two used a washout between intervention and control periods. Most studies were short‐term with a median (interquartile range) follow‐up of 3 (3, 8.5) weeks. Two were of a single HD session, and two of a single week's HD. Half of the studies were conducted prior to 2000, and five reported use of obsolete HD practices. Risks of bias in the included studies were often high or unclear, lowering confidence in the results. Compared to neutral or high dialysate [Na+], low dialysate [Na+] had the following effects on "efficacy" endpoints: reduced interdialytic weight gain (10 studies: MD ‐0.35 kg, 95% CI ‐0.18 to ‐0.51; high certainty evidence); probably reduced predialysis mean arterial blood pressure (BP) (4 studies: MD ‐3.58 mmHg, 95% CI ‐5.46 to ‐1.69; moderate certainty evidence); probably reduced postdialysis mean arterial BP (MAP) (4 studies: MD ‐3.26 mmHg, 95% CI ‐1.70 to ‐4.82; moderate certainty evidence); probably reduced predialysis serum [Na+] (7 studies: MD ‐1.69 mM, 95% CI ‐2.36 to ‐1.02; moderate certainty evidence); may have reduced antihypertensive medication (2 studies: SMD ‐0.67 SD, 95% CI ‐1.07 to ‐0.28; low certainty evidence). Compared to neutral or high dialysate [Na+], low dialysate [Na+] had the following effects on "safety" endpoints: probably increased intradialytic hypotension events (9 studies: RR 1.56, 95% 1.17 to 2.07; moderate certainty evidence); probably increased intradialytic cramps (6 studies: RR 1.77, 95% 1.15 to 2.73; moderate certainty evidence). Compared to neutral or high dialysate [Na+], low dialysate [Na+] may make little or no difference to: intradialytic BP (2 studies: MD for systolic BP ‐3.99 mmHg, 95% CI ‐17.96 to 9.99; diastolic BP 1.33 mmHg, 95% CI ‐6.29 to 8.95; low certainty evidence); interdialytic BP (2 studies:, MD for systolic BP 0.17 mmHg, 95% CI ‐5.42 to 5.08; diastolic BP ‐2.00 mmHg, 95% CI ‐4.84 to 0.84; low certainty evidence); dietary salt intake (2 studies: MD ‐0.21g/d, 95% CI ‐0.48 to 0.06; low certainty evidence). Due to very low quality of evidence, it is uncertain whether low dialysate [Na+] changed extracellular fluid status, venous tone, arterial vascular resistance, left ventricular mass or volumes, thirst or fatigue. Studies did not examine cardiovascular or all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular events, or hospitalisation. Authors' conclusions It is likely that low dialysate [Na+] reduces intradialytic weight gain and BP, which are effects directionally associated with improved outcomes. However, the intervention probably also increases intradialytic hypotension and reduces serum [Na+], effects that are associated with increased mortality risk. The effect of the intervention on overall patient health and well‐being is unknown. Further evidence is needed in the form of longer‐term studies in contemporary settings, evaluating end‐organ effects in small‐scale mechanistic studies using optimal methods, and clinical outcomes in large‐scale multicentre RCTs.