Supporting Data for Operando optical tracking of single-particle ion dynamics in batteries

This data set contains all the data presented in the main text figures and extended data figures (for the manuscript titled 'Operando optical tracking of single-particle ion dynamics in batteries'). The information on how the data was acquired and processed is detailed in the open access manuscript + SI which has been deposited in this repository. Main Figures: Figure1: (Panel b) Galvanostatic cycling data of LCO (voltage vs specific capacity) for 5 cycles at 2C. (Panel c) Corresponding differential capacity data (dQ/dV vs voltage). (Panel f) Raw iSCAT image and SEM image of a LCO particle. Figure 2: (Panel a) Voltage, differential capacity, and mean iSCAT intensity from an individual LCO particle, during a galvanostatic cycle (Cycle4) at 2C. (Panel b) Background subtracted iSCAT images of an individual LCO particle throughout cycling. Figure 3: (Panel a&b) Sequential differential images showing phase boundary movement during the biphasic transition, in delithiation and lithiation. (Panel c&d) The fraction of the new phase within the particle over time, and the corresponding single particle biphasic C-rates. Figure 4: (Panel a) Voltage vs cell capacity curves and corresponding single-particle intensity behaviour, over a range of C-rates from C/2 to 6C. (Panel b&c) Single particle biphasic C-rates during these cycles at a range of applied C-rates, for both delithiation and lithiation. (Panel d) Time maps showing the progression of phase boundaries through a single particle, during the biphasic transitions, at a range of C-rates. Figure 5: (Panel a&b) Total differential images showing intensity changes in a single particle caused by the lithium ordering transition. Delithiation and lithiation images are each included for two separate cycles. (Panel e&f) Sequential differential images during the disordering upon lithiation, showing the progression of the disordered phase through the particle, for two separate cycles. Extended Data Figures: Extended data figure 1: (Panel b) XRD patterns of both the pristine LCO powder, and the LCO electrode. (Panel c) List of measured particle diameters (used in the figure to construct a histogram of particle sizes). (Panel d-i) SEM and raw iSCAT images of LCO particles within the electrode. Extended data figure 2: (Panel a) Galvanostatic cycling data of LCO (voltage vs specific capacity) for 5 cycles at 2C, in a coin cell and in an optical cell. (Panel d) Corresponding differential capacity data (dQ/dV vs voltage). Extended data figure 3: Voltage and mean iSCAT intensity from an individual LCO particle, during 5 galvanostatic cycles at 2C. Extended data figure 5: Sequential differential images showing phase boundary movement through a single particle, during the biphasic transition, in delithiation and lithiation, for 5 cycles. Extended data figure 6: Total differential images showing intensity changes in a single particle caused by the lithium ordering transition. Delithiation and lithiation images are each included for 5 separate cycles.