Genetics and Epigenetics of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Narrative Review

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), or self-harm, is widespread, especially among young people. However, despite the problem’s relevance, NSSI was investigated mainly from the psychological and social perspective, while a fairly small number of biological studies of NSSI have been published to date. The aim of this narrative review was to analyze all the currently available publications on the genetics and epigenetics of NSSI—one of the most promising areas in biological research. We discussed and analyzed all stages of genetic research of NSSI: from twin studies and studies of self-harm in the framework of hereditary diseases to the search for candidate genes, genome-wide investigations, and study of epigenetic and gene–environment interactions. We demonstrated data indicating a significant contribution of genetic and epigenetic factors to the development of NSSI, discussed advantages and limitations of analyzed studies, and outlined prospects for further research in this area.