Health impacts of social determinants and lifestyle behaviours: some evidence from Canadian provinces

This study seeks to identify the impact of social determinants and lifestyle factors on life expectancy and self-perceived health as two measures of objective and subjective health, respectively, using data from Canadian provinces during 2007-21. Through a simple conceptual model, it lays out the direct and indirect pathways through which social and lifestyle determinants affect health. The conceptual model guides the formulation of empirical models, which are used to estimate the effects of social and lifestyle factors on health. The study uses 'panel-corrected standard errors' estimation method to obtain reliable results. The findings confirm that social determinants contribute directly and indirectly (through lifestyle) to life expectancy. For self-perceived health, however, the contributions of both social and lifestyle determinants are only direct. The latter result may be explained by the immediacy of lifestyle and its impact on health in individuals' minds, a notion that is constantly reinforced by the mainstream discourse on health promotion. Our study indicates that lifestyle factors should be addressed within the context of broader social determinants. In other words, an individual agency should be understood within the larger enveloping social structure. The study recognizes redistributive measures aimed at reducing social gradients in health as effective health promotion policies.