Engineering small extracellular vesicles with multivalent DNA probes for precise tumor targeting and enhanced synergistic therapy

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have gained wide attention as efficient carriers for disease treatment. However, the proclivity of sEVs to be ingested by source cells is insufficient to accurately target specific sites, posing a challenge in realizing controlled targeting treatment. Here, we developed an engineered sEV nanocarrier capable of precise tumor targeting and enhanced synergistic therapy. Multivalent DNA probes, comprising abundant AS1411 aptamers and telomerase primers, were innovatively modified on the sEV membrane (M-D-sEV) for precise tumor targeting. To achieve synergistic therapy, gold nanorod-cerium oxide nanostructures (Au NRs-CeO