Profiling of Serum Oxylipins During the Earliest Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective Eicosanoids modulate inflammation via complex networks involving different pathways and downstream mediators, including oxylipins. Although altered eicosanoids are linked to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), suggesting that metabolization is enhanced, the role of oxylipins in disease stratification remains unexplored. This study was undertaken to characterize oxylipin networks during the earliest stages of RA and evaluate their associations with clinical features and treatment outcomes. Methods In total, 60 patients with early RA (according to the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2010 criteria), 11 individuals with clinically suspect arthralgia (CSA), and 28 healthy control subjects were recruited. Serum samples were collected at the time of onset. In the early RA group, 50 patients who had not been exposed to disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) or glucocorticoid treatment at the time of recruitment were prospectively followed up at 6 and 12 months after having received conventional synthetic DMARDs. A total of 75 oxylipins, mostly derived from arachidonic, eicosapentanoic, and linoleic acids, were identified in the serum by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results Univariate analyses demonstrated differences in expression patterns of 14 oxylipins across the RA, CSA, and healthy control groups, with each exhibiting a different trajectory. Network analyses revealed a strong grouping pattern of oxylipins in RA patients, whereas in individuals with CSA, a fuzzy network of oxylipins with higher degree and closeness was found. Partial least-squares discriminant analyses yielded variable important projection scores of >1 for 22 oxylipins, which allowed the identification of 2 clusters. Cluster usage differed among the groups (P = 0.003), and showed associations with disease severity and low rates of remission at 6 and 12 months in RA patients who were initially treatment-naive. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed different precursors and pathways between the groups, highlighting the relevance of the arachidonic acid pathway in individuals with CSA and the lipooxygenase pathway in patients with early RA. In applying distinct oxylipin signatures, subsets of seropositive and seronegative RA could be identified. Conclusion Oxylipin networks differ across stages during the earliest phases of RA. These distinct oxylipin networks could potentially elucidate pathways with clinical relevance for disease progression, clinical heterogeneity, and treatment response.