Progress, challenges, and opportunities of two-dimensional layered materials based electrochemical sensors and biosensors

Advances in nanotechnology have prompted the use of various types of nanomaterials as excellent electrode materials for enhancing electrochemical detection in terms of electrocatalytic activity, sensitivity, selectivity, and long-term stability of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. In particular, two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) are becoming a popular solution for applications in electrochemical sensors and biosensors because of their unique structure and physicochemical properties. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors, as one of the potential alternatives to conventional detection approaches, have been regarded as promising tools for the highly sensitive and selective detection of analytes due to their quick response time, simplicity of use, and miniaturization. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the current progress in the development of 2DLMs and their nanocomposites in electrochemical sensors and biosensors, where 2DLMs include graphene and its derivatives, MXenes, phosphorene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and metal-organic frameworks. Here, we discuss the structural and electrical properties of 2DLMs, as well as strategies for amplification of electrochemical signals, detection principles, and the use of 2DLM-based electrochemical sensors in the areas of food safety, environmental monitoring, and clinical analysis. This review also discusses the applicability of 2DLMs as flexible or wearable electrochemical (bio) sensors for personalized health monitoring. A systematic review of literature and cutting-edge performances is used to demonstrate the progress made, existing gaps in research, and the need for further development. • Two-dimensional layered material-based electrochemical (bio) sensors are reviewed. • Novel design strategies as well as sensing performances are provided. • Applications in analysis of multidisciplinary targets are discussed. • Current challenges and future commercialization strategies are presented.