Sn-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: From mechanism to modification

With the increased demand in anode materials with high energy density, high rates, and long life applied to new energy vehicles and energy storage devices, it is necessary to develop anode materials with excellent electrochemical properties for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Sn-based anode, as an alternative to traditional graphite anode LIBs materials, has attracted much attention because of its high specific capacity (Li4.4Sn is 993 mAg−1), environmental friendliness, high safety, and low cost, and it is considered to be one of the most promising alternative anode materials for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries. However, the huge volume expansion, pulverization, and agglomeration of the Sn-based anode materials during the cycle have become the biggest obstacle to its development. Sn-based anode materials include Sn metal-based material, Sn-based oxides, and Sn-based sulfides. In this review, we describe recent advances in Sn-based anode materials, the lithium storage mechanism of Sn-based anodes are briefly introduced, followed by a discussion focusing on studies of the modification of Sn-based materials. Finally, the review further identifies the challenges and problems currently facing the development of Sn-based materials and provides an outlook in the anode materials for LIBs.