This article investigates and analyzes the differences in material carbon emissions of different asphalt pavement structures from the perspective of construction materials. Taking SMA-13 asphalt pavement and AC asphalt pavement as examples, the main road construction materials of asphalt pavement are analyzed, and the pavement structure inventory of SMA-13 asphalt pavement and AC asphalt pavement is established. A carbon emission calculation model is constructed to calculate the carbon emission of road construction materials of asphalt pavement and to propose relevant energy-saving and emission reduction suggestions. The research results show that SMA-13 asphalt pavement has good performance and produces relatively less carbon emission, which is suitable for wide application.