Management of Muscle Cramps in Patients With Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials

ABSTRACT Background Muscle cramps are common in patients with cirrhosis. Despite their prevalence and impact on health‐related quality of life, there are no widely used clinical practice guidelines for management of muscle cramps in cirrhosis. The aim of this review was to critically evaluate current evidence regarding treatment of muscle cramps in cirrhosis. Methods A systematic review using PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, and Scopus databases was performed on 30 June by two independent reviewers to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reporting interventions for muscle cramps in cirrhotic patients. Results Twelve RCTs evaluating 13 distinct interventions were identified. Baclofen, methocarbamol, orphenadrine, and taurine supplementation reduced cramp frequency, severity, and duration when compared to placebo. Human albumin, pregabalin, and quinidine reduced cramp frequency compared to placebo. Pickle juice reduced cramp severity compared to placebo. BCAA supplementation and calcium carbonate were found to reduce cramp frequency compared to baseline. Stretching demonstrated a signal towards reducing cramp severity and frequency, and meditation had a signal towards reducing severity only when compared to baseline. Electro‐acupuncture was the only intervention which demonstrated no therapeutic effect. Pregabalin was the only agent associated with significant side effects that limited its use. Conclusion Methocarbamol, orphenadrine, and taurine supplementation were found in placebo‐controlled RCTs to be effective in reducing cramp frequency, severity, and duration in cirrhotic patients. All other interventions reported aside from electro‐acupuncture demonstrated a positive impact on cramps. High‐quality RCTs are needed to further investigate the use of these treatments in terms of comparative efficacy and safety.