Engineering carbon assimilation in plants

Abstract Carbon assimilation is a crucial part of the photosynthetic process, wherein inorganic carbon, typically in the form of CO 2 , is converted into organic compounds by living organisms, including plants, algae, and a subset of bacteria. Although several carbon fixation pathways have been elucidated, the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle remains fundamental to carbon metabolism, playing a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of starch and sucrose in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. However, Ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), the key carboxylase enzyme of the CBB cycle, exhibits low kinetic efficiency, low substrate specificity, and high temperature sensitivity, all of which have the potential to limit flux through this pathway. Consequently, RuBisCO needs to be present at very high concentrations, which is one of the factors contributing to its status as the most prevalent protein on Earth. Numerous attempts have been made to optimize the catalytic efficiency of RuBisCO and thereby promote plant growth. Furthermore, the limitations of this process highlight the potential benefits of engineering or discovering more efficient carbon fixation mechanisms, either by improving RuBisCO itself or by introducing alternative pathways. Here, we review advances in artificial carbon assimilation engineering, including the integration of synthetic biology, genetic engineering, metabolic pathway optimization, and artificial intelligence in order to create plants capable of performing more efficient photosynthesis. We additionally provide a perspective of current challenges and potential solutions alongside a personal opinion of the most promising future directions of this emerging field.