Numerical study of the landslide tsunami in the South China Sea using Herschel-Bulkley rheological theory

The Herschel-Bulkley rheological theory is used to describe the viscoplastic debris landslide flow. The shallow water equations considering the time-dependent deformation of the seafloors are adopted to simulate the generation, propagation, and run-up of the landslide induced tsunami. The one-way coupled method of the landslide induced tsunami is implemented through satisfying the kinematic bottom boundary condition. The 1998 Papua New Guinea landslide tsunami is simulated to validate the numerical model by comparing with measurements. We found that the mechanism of the 1992 Hainan Island tsunami in the South China Sea is due to a submarine landslide by comparing the numerical results between earthquake and landslide. With respect of the Baiyun slide, the effects of remolding rate, initial, and residual yield strength on landslide and tsunami are studied numerically. To distinguish the potential landslide tsunami hazard in the South China Sea, the scenarios of the landslides with the volume of 10, 50, 100, and 200 km3 in the Baiyun slide and 1200 km3 in the Brunei slide are presented. Comparison with the nondeformation model in the near-field illustrates the crucial role of rheological property in the landslide tsunami modeling. Furthermore, the characteristics of the propagation of the landslide tsunami in the South China Sea and coastal hazards are analyzed.