A practical guide to echocardiographic evaluation of adult Fontan patients

Abstract Recent advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care for patients with single ventricle physiology have led to a remarkable improvement in long‐term survival, such that now the majority of patients with single ventricle physiology are living to adulthood after Fontan palliation. The management of adult patients with Fontan physiology is one of the most challenging clinical dilemmas encountered in contemporary cardiology. The complex and heterogeneous anatomical and physiological abnormalities seen in Fontan patients mandate that any clinical evaluation, either for routine follow‐up or preoperative evaluation prior to any transcatheter or surgical intervention, incorporates detailed information from a careful and thorough echocardiographic examination, These examinations, however, can be complex and confusing, even for experienced echocardiographers. Ideally, the interpretation of these studies is informed by an understanding of the basic anatomical lesions and of the potential long‐term complications encountered in adult single ventricle patients. In this review, we present a practical and clinically oriented approach to the echocardiographic evaluation of adult patients with single ventricle physiology post‐Fontan.