The Transforming Growth Factor-βs

Abstract: Transforming growth factor‐βs (TGF‐βs) are amongthe most widespread and versatile cytokines. Here, we first provide a briefoverview of their molecular biology, biochemistry, and signaling. We thenreview distribution and functions of the three mammalian TGF‐β isoforms,β1, β2, and β3, and their receptors in the developing and adultnervous system. Roles of TGF‐βs in the regulation of radial glia,astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia are addressed. Finally, we reviewthe current state of knowledge concerning the roles of TGF‐βs incontrolling neuronal performances, including the regulation of proliferationof neuronal precursors, survival/death decisions, and neuronaldifferentiation.