The impacts of endogenous progesterone and exogenous progestin on vascular endothelial cell, and smooth muscle cell function: A narrative review

Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunction proceed the development of numerous vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Both estrogen and progesterone receptors are present on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and therefore it has been postulated that these compounds may affect vascular function. It has been well-established that estrogen is a vasoprotective compound, however, the effects of progesterone on vascular function are not well understood. This narrative review summarizes the current research investigating the impact of both endogenous progesterone, and exogenous synthetic progestin on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell function and identifies discrepancies on their effects in vitro and in vivo. We speculate that an inverted-U dose response curve may exist between nitric oxide production and progesterone concentration, and that the androgenic properties of a progestin may influence vascular function. Future research is needed to discern the effects of both endogenous progesterone and exogenous progestin on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell function with consideration for the impacts of progesterone/progestin dose, and progestin type.