Biological systems under climate change: What do we learn from the IPCC AR6

The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides the latest overview on current understanding of the climate system, which is strongly coupled with biological systems. Here, we summarize AR6's key findings on the interplay between the climate and biological systems, with the focuses on the impacts and adaptation of climate change on biological systems, and the crucial role of biological systems in mitigating climate change. We conclude the essay with brief discussion on important gaps in current research.