Strategies and trends in the amplification of electrochemiluminescence signals for biosensing

This article offers a thorough summary of recent studies on the amplification of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signals in biosensing applications using nanomaterials, enzymes, rolling circle amplifications (RCA), hybridization chain reaction (HCR), DNA-mediated amplification, and nanozymes. Recent developments on the influence of nanoparticles on ECL properties were covered in this review. Defect, valence state, shape, surface ligand, and the spatial distribution of the composition of the nanomaterial are examples of the microstructures of nanomaterials. The review aims to illustrate how the features of ECL signal amplification for biosensing are related to the microstructures of nanomaterials. It also discusses different enzymatic (allosteric and entrasteric) methods for amplifying ECL signals. Nucleic acids are suitable for the robust creation of nanostructures due to their programmed self-assembly and intrinsic diverse selective molecular recognition. By virtue of their distinctive structures and structural feature these are considered as promising candidates as ECL signal amplifiers.