Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)-based ultrafast photonic sintering of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs): prospects for time-efficient/two-dimensional scalability to large-sized SOFCs

980 nm VCSEL illumination eliminates the organic additives and densifies the laminated multilayered SOFC NiO–YSZ|NiO–ScCeSZ|ScCeSZ|GDC|GDC scaffold in just 2.42 h compared to >100 h needed for the conventional thermal sintering process.