Algal Density Controls the Spatial Variations in Hg Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation at the Base of the Pelagic Food Web of Lake Taihu, China

Algal density can significantly impact mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation and biomagnification in aquatic food webs, but the underlying mechanisms remain controversial especially in subtropical and tropical regions. We conducted a comprehensive field study on Hg bioconcentration in phytoplankton and bioaccumulation in size-fractionated zooplankton across 17 sampling sites in Lake Taihu, a large shallow lake in eastern China with large spatial differences in algal density. The higher algal density in the northern sites is highly associated with the lower THg bioconcentration factor (BCF) in phytoplankton and lower THg bioaccumulation factor (BAF) in zooplankton. The low Hg BCFs or BAFs at productive sites could not be explained by algal bloom dilution but attributed to the low Hg bioavailability, which is highly associated with the elevated pH levels at productive sites. The smaller body size of the dominant zooplankton species at higher algal density sites also contributed to their lower Hg bioaccumulation. Importantly, we provide evidence that high algal density is associated with a low proportion of methylmercury (MeHg) in total Hg (% MeHg) in phytoplankton, which is further transferred to zooplankton. Such a low THg BCF or BAF and low % MeHg in plankton at high algal density sites hamper the entry of Hg into the pelagic food webs, which are important but yet underestimated driving forces for the low Hg contents in pelagic fish that are commonly observed in anthropogenic-impacted eutrophic lakes in subtropical regions.