Colorimetric and Electrochemiluminescence Dual-Mode Sensing of Lead Ion Based on Integrated Lab-on-Paper Device

A highly selective two-point separation strategy was designed based on a cross-like all-in-one lab-on-paper analytical device. The stable and cleavable enzyme-coated reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–PdAu probe was fabricated as the signal reporter to enable the visualization and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) dual-mode sensing of Pb2+. Concretely, the experimental workflow consists of the following process: (i) fabrication of the lab-on-paper device and growth of Au nanoparticles on ECL detection zone, (ii) immobilization of Pb2+-specific DNAzyme, and (iii) hybridization between DNAzyme and rGO–PdAu–glucose oxidase (GOx) labeled oligonucleotide to form the double-stranded DNA. Upon addition of Pb2+ into the prepared system, the double-helix structure of the DNA was destroyed, resulting in the release of cleaved rGO–PdAu–GOx probe to visualization bar to promote the effective oxidation and color change of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. As a consequence, the color change can be recognized by naked eye, meanwhile GOx on an uncleaved signal probe can oxidize glucose along with the H2O2 production. As a co-reaction reagent for luminol ECL system, the concentration of H2O2 is proportional to the ECL intensity, which constitutes a new mechanism for colorimetric and ECL dual mode to detect Pb2+. With the method developed here, the concentration of Pb2+ could be easily determined by the naked eye within a linear range from 5 to 2000 nM, as well as by monitoring the decreased ECL intensity of luminol in a linear range of 0.5–2000 nM. This work not only constructs a simple and versatile platform for on-site visible monitoring of Pb2+ in tap water and river water but also furnishes a strategy for designing a dual-mode sensing toward different heavy metal ions based on specific DNAzyme in the fields of environmental monitoring-related technologies.