Platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors: preclinical and clinical studies and mechanism of action

Treg: regulatory T cell; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cell; TAM: tumor-associated macrophage; IL: interleukin; PD-1: programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand-1; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell cancer; ICD: immunogenic cell death; TME: tumor microenvironment; CTLs: cytotoxic T lymphocytes; TCR: T cell receptor; MHC class 1: major histocompatibility complex class 1; DC: dendritic cell; APC: antigen-presenting cell; PD-L2: programmed death-ligand-2; STAT6: signal transducers and activators of transcription 6; PLG: poly (L-glutamic acid); mPEG: methoxy poly (ethylene glycol); LLC1: Lewis lung carcinoma 1; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; MOC1: mouse oral cancer 1; cGAS: cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase; STING: stimulator of interferon genes; FDA: food and drug administration; cHL: classical Hodgkin's lymphoma; PMBCL: primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; MCC: merkel cell carcinoma; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; ORR: overall response rate; OR: overall response; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; vs: versus; EFGR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ALK: anaplastic lymphoma kinase; ES: extensive stage; CPS: combined positive score; DOR: duration of response; ITT: intention to treat; NMPA: national medical products administration; TKI: tyrosine kinase inhibitor; NPC: nasopharyngeal cancer; DLT: dose-limiting toxicity; MTD: maximum tolerated dose; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer; GC: gastric cancer; GEJC: gastroesophageal junction carcinoma; DCR: disease control rate; BTC: biliary tract cancer; TTR: time to response; PR: partial response; SD: stable disease; PD: progressive disease; IC₅₀: half maximal inhibitory concentration; IFN: interferon; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; NK: natural killer cell; M6PR: mannose-6-phosphate receptor; GrzB: granzyme B; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.