Cerium oxide nanoparticles and their importance in cell signaling pathways for predicting cellular behavior

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 -NPs) have prolifically attracted immense interest of researchers due to their prominent anti-oxidant nature. However, these characteristics are accompanied by some ambiguities in other studies reporting their oxidant and toxic properties. In this regard previous literature has pointed to the importance of the NPs morphology and environmental conditions as well as biomolecules that induce a different response by initiating a cascade of activities. Therefore, due to the fact that signaling proteins are key mediators in cellular responses, the cognizance of the CeO 2 -NP-targeted signaling pathways could facilitate predicting the cellular behavior and thus more efficient applications of these NPs for clinical purposes. Consequently, a comprehensive review is necessary in this field, to clarify the impacts of CeO 2 -NPs on various signaling pathways.