Occurrence, seasonal variation, potential sources, and risks of organophosphate esters in a cold rural area in Northeast China

土壤水分 有机磷 环境化学 环境科学 磷酸盐 优势(遗传学) 杀虫剂 季节性 TCEP 化学 生态学 土壤科学 地理 气象学 催化作用 磷化氢 有机化学 基因 生物化学 生物
作者
Jianyong Wu,Tong Zhu,Zhu-man Chen,Jinsong Guo,Xian-yu Hou,De-rui Wang,Lixia Zhang,Junmin Gao
出处
期刊:Science of The Total Environment [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:834: 155361-155361 被引量:14
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155361
摘要

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the environment have been the focus of increasing attention due to their ubiquity and potential toxicity. However, there is little information on the occurrence and characteristics of OPEs in rural areas, especially those with cold year-round temperatures and frozen soil in winter. In this study, environmental samples were collected, in summer and winter, from villages and towns in Northeast China differing in the types and intensities of their anthropogenic activities. The samples were analyzed for 12 OPEs. The results showed the widespread presence of alkyl-OPEs, Cl-OPEs, and aryl-OPEs in the water, soil, snow, and ice of the study sites. In summer, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the primary compounds in water and soil, respectively. The ∑12OPE concentration in three villages varied from 46.26 to 257.37 ng/L in water, and from 6.62 to 19.46 ng/g in soils. The ∑12OPE concentrations in water were lower in winter than summer, but conversely, ∑12OPE concentrations in frozen soils in winter were higher than those in soils in summer. In winter, there was a shift in the predominant OPEs in water and frozen soils, with dominance of TCEP and complex compounds, respectively. Obvious seasonal characteristics of the potential sources and ecological risks of OPEs in these areas were also determined, with more complex sources of OPEs seen in summer than winter. In summer, only 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) in water posed a potential risk, while in summer and, especially, in winter, EHDPP and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate posed potential risks in soils. The high ∑12OPE concentration in snow (56.77 ng/L) implied that wet deposition can amplify OPEs in other environmental compartments. This is the first systematic report on OPEs in a cold rural area. Our findings highlight the need for seasonal monitoring of OPEs in similar areas.
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