审查
生产力
损耗
制药工业
主题(文档)
政治
透视图(图形)
面子(社会学概念)
公共经济学
医疗保健
业务
医学
经济政策
药品价格
制药工业
经济
药理学
政治学
经济增长
法学
工程类
社会学
社会科学
牙科
图书馆学
人工智能
工程伦理学
计算机科学
作者
Ismail Kola,J. Richard Landis
摘要
The pharmaceutical industry faces considerable challenges, both politically and fiscally. Politically, governments around the world are trying to contain costs and, as health care budgets constitute a very significant part of governmental spending, these costs are the subject of intense scrutiny. In the United States, drug costs are also the subject of intense political discourse. This article deals with the fiscal pressures that face the industry from the perspective of R&D. What impinges on productivity? How can we improve current reduced R&D productivity?
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