Interfacial Self-Assembly in Halloysite Nanotube Composites

A self-assembly of clay nanotubes in functional arrays for the production of organized organic/inorganic heterostructures is described. These 50-nm-diameter natural alumosilicate nanotubes are biocompatible. Halloysite allows for 10-20 wt % chemical/drug loading into the inner lumen, and it gives an extended release for days and months (anticorrosion, self-healing, flame-retardant, antifouling, and antibacterial composites). The structured surfaces of the oriented nanotube micropatterns enhance interactions with biological cells, improving their capture and inducing differentiation in stem cells. An encapsulation of the cells with halloysite enables control of their growth and proliferation. This approach was also developed for spill petroleum bioremediation as a synergistic process with Pickering oil emulsification. We produced 2-5-nm-diameter particles (Au, Ag, Pt, Co, Ru, Cu-Ni, Fe3O4, ZrO2, and CdS) selectively inside or outside the aluminosilicate clay nanotubes. The catalytic hydrogenation of benzene and phenol, hydrogen production, impacts of the metal core-shell architecture, the metal particle size, and the seeding density were optimized for high-efficiency processes, exceeding the competitive industrial formulations. These core-shell mesocatalysts are based on a safe and cheap natural clay nanomaterial and may be scaled up for industrial applications.