Raw orange intake is associated with higher prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in an adult population

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common public health issues worldwide. Oranges are the most popular fruit consumed in the world. Admittedly, flavonoids in oranges act as antioxidants and improve liver steatosis. However, oranges also are rich in fructose, which is a risk factor in the progress of NAFLD. Therefore, we hypothesize that orange intake may be a double-edged sword in the development of NAFLD. To our knowledge, there currently is little evidence of the effect of dietary orange intake on NAFLD. The aim of this study was to investigate how orange intake is related to NAFLD in a general adult population.We randomly recruited 27,214 adults into the Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study. NAFLD was diagnosed by liver ultrasonography. Raw orange intake was assessed by a validated self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between orange intake and the prevalence of NAFLD.There was a 27.18% prevalence of NAFLD among the participants. Consumption of orange was positively associated with the prevalence of NAFLD after adjustment for all potential confounding factors (Ptrend = 0.04). The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of the categories of orange intake in the NAFLD were 1.00 (reference) for less than once per week, 1.02 (0.95-1.11) for 1 to 6 times per week, and 1.17 (1.03-1.33) for ≥7 times per week, respectively.The present study demonstrated that orange intake is positively associated with the prevalence of NAFLD.