Ferulic acid production by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli

Abstract Ferulic acid ( p -hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, FA) is a natural active substance present in plant cell walls, with antioxidant, anticancer, antithrombotic and other properties; it is widely used in medicine, food, and cosmetics. Production of FA by eco‐friendly bioprocess is of great potential. In this study, FA was biosynthesized by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli . As the first step, the genes tal (encoding tyrosine ammonia-lyase, Rs TAL) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides , sam5 (encoding p- coumarate 3-hydroxylase, Se SAM5) from Saccharothrix espanaensis and comt (encoding Caffeic acid O -methytransferase, Ta CM) from Triticum aestivum were cloned in an operon on the pET plasmid backbone, E. coli strain containing this construction was proved to produce FA from L -tyrosine successfully, and confirmed the function of Ta CM as caffeic acid O -methytransferase. Fermentation result revealed JM109(DE3) as a more suitable host cell for FA production than BL21(DE3). After that the genes expression strength of FA pathway were optimized by tuning of promoter strength (T7 promoter or T5 promoter) and copy number (pBR322 or p15A), and the combination p15a-T5 works best. To further improve FA production, E. coli native pntAB , encoding pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase, was selected from five NADPH regeneration genes to supplement redox cofactor NADPH for converting p -coumaric acid into caffeic acid in FA biosynthesis process. Sequentially, to further convert caffeic acid into FA, a non-native methionine kinase (MetK from Streptomyces spectabilis ) was also overexpressed. Based on the flask fermentation data which show that the engineered E. coli strain produced 212 mg/L of FA with 11.8 mg/L caffeic acid residue, it could be concluded that it is the highest yield of FA achieved by E. coli K-12 strains reported to the best of our knowledge.