FERONIA’s sensing of cell wall pectin activates ROP GTPase signaling in Arabidopsis

ABSTRACT Plant cells need to monitor the cell wall dynamic to control the wall homeostasis required for a myriad of processes in plants, but the mechanisms underpinning cell wall sensing and signaling in regulating these processes remain largely elusive. Here, we demonstrate that receptor-like kinase FERONIA senses the cell wall pectin polymer to directly activate the ROP6 GTPase signaling pathway that regulates the formation of the cell shape in the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis. The extracellular malectin domain of FER directly interacts with de-methylesterified pectin in vivo and in vitro . Both loss-of-FER mutations and defects in the pectin biosynthesis and de-methylesterification caused changes in pavement cell shape and ROP6 signaling. FER is required for the activation of ROP6 by de-methylesterified pectin, and physically and genetically interacts with the ROP6 activator, RopGEF14. Thus, our findings elucidate a cell wall sensing and signaling mechanism that connects the cell wall to cellular morphogenesis via the cell surface receptor FER.