The Discrepancy Between External and Internal Load/Intensity during Blood Flow Restriction Exercise: Understanding Blood Flow Restriction Pressure as Modulating Factor

强度(物理) 刺激(心理学) 背景(考古学) 物理医学与康复 感知 运动强度 血流受限 工作(物理) 心理学 物理疗法 医学 认知心理学 血压 神经科学 内科学 心率 工程类 物理 阻力训练 机械工程 生物 古生物学 量子力学
作者
Robert Bielitzki,Martin Behrens,Tom Behrendt,Alexander Franz,Christoph Centner,Luke Hughes,Stephen D. Patterson,Johnny G. Owens,Michael Behringer,Lutz Schega
出处
期刊:Sports Medicine - Open [Springer Nature]
卷期号:10 (1)
标识
DOI:10.1186/s40798-024-00759-9
摘要

Abstract Physical exercise induces acute psychophysiological responses leading to chronic adaptations when the exercise stimulus is applied repeatedly, at sufficient time periods, and with appropriate magnitude. To maximize long-term training adaptations, it is crucial to control and manipulate the external load and the resulting psychophysiological strain. Therefore, scientists have developed a theoretical framework that distinguishes between the physical work performed during exercise (i.e., external load/intensity) and indicators of the body's psychophysiological response (i.e., internal load/intensity). However, the application of blood flow restriction (BFR) during exercise with low external loads/intensities (e.g., ≤ 30% of the one-repetition-maximum, ≤ 50% of maximum oxygen uptake) can induce physiological and perceptual responses, which are commonly associated with high external loads/intensities. This current opinion aimed to emphasize the mismatch between external and internal load/intensity when BFR is applied during exercise. In this regard, there is evidence that BFR can be used to manipulate both external load/intensity (by reducing total work when exercise is performed to exhaustion) and internal load/intensity (by leading to higher physiological and perceptual responses compared to exercise performed with the same external load/intensity without BFR). Furthermore, it is proposed to consider BFR as an additional exercise determinant, given that the amount of BFR pressure can determine not only the internal but also external load/intensity. Finally, terminological recommendations for the use of the proposed terms in the scientific context and for practitioners are given, which should be considered when designing, reporting, discussing, and presenting BFR studies, exercise, and/or training programs.
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