Clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: insights in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and clinical significance

Background: Digital clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) form a diagnostic challenge. Subtle presentations of clubbing are often missed. The underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. Establishing a differential diagnosis based on nonspecific signs can be cumbersome. Finally, the prognostic value of clubbing and HOA remains unclear.Objective: This article reviews clinical criteria and pathophysiology of clubbing and HOA. A diagnostic algorithm is proposed, based on etiology and current insights. The prognostic impact on associated diseases is discussed.Methods: The Internet databases Medline and Embase were searched. Articles were selected based on relevance of abstract, article type and impact of the journal.Results: Diagnostic criteria include Lovibond's profile sign, distal/interphalangeal depth ratio and Schamroth's sign. Three pathophysiological causes of clubbing can be distinguished: hypoxia, chronic inflammation and aberrant vascularization. A prominent role for vascular endothelial growth factor is suggested. Associated symptoms and clinical signs should guide the initial diagnostic evaluation. Finally, clubbing is a negative prognostic factor in certain pulmonary disorders, including cystic fibrosis.