Treatment of Perchlorate-Contaminated Groundwater Using Highly Selective, Regenerable Ion-Exchange Technologies

Treatment of perchlorate-contaminated water using highly selective, regenerable ion-exchange and perchlorate-destruction technologies was demonstrated at a field site in California. Four treatment and four regeneration cycles were carried out, and no significant deterioration of resin performance was noted in 2 years. The bifunctional resin (Purolite A-530E) treated about 37 000 empty bed volumes (BVs) of groundwater before a significant breakthrough of perchlorate occurred at an average flow rate of 150 gpm (or 1 BV/min) and a feed perchlorate concentration of about 860 μg/L. Sorbed perchlorate (∼20 kg) was quantitatively recovered by eluting with as little as 1 BV of the FeCl3−HCl regenerant solution. The eluted ClO4- was highly concentrated in the third quarter of the first BV of the regenerant solution with a concentration up to 100 000 mg/L. This concentrated effluent greatly facilitated subsequent perchlorate destruction or recovery by precipitation as KClO4 salts. High perchlorate destruction efficiency (92−97%) was observed by reduction with FeCl2 in a thermoreactor, which enabled recycling of the FeCl3−HCl regenerant solution, thereby minimizing the need to dispose of secondary wastes containing ClO4-. This study demonstrates that a combination of novel selective, regenerable ion-exchange and perchlorate-destruction and/or recovery technologies could potentially lead to enhanced treatment efficiency and minimized secondary waste production.